FELIX: an algorithm for indexing multiple crystallites in X-ray free-electron laser snapshot diffraction images

A novel algorithm for indexing multiple crystals in snapshot X-ray diffraction images, especially suited for serial crystallography data, is presented. The algorithm, FELIX, utilizes a generalized parametrization of the Rodrigues–Frank space, in which all crystal systems can be represented without singularities. The new algorithm is shown to be capable of indexing more than ten crystals per image in simulations of cubic, tetragonal and monoclinic crystal diffraction patterns. It is also used to index an experimental serial crystallography dataset from lysozyme microcrystals. The increased number of indexed crystals is shown to result in a better signal-to-noise ratio, and fewer images are needed to achieve the same data quality as when indexing one crystal per image. The relative orientations between the multiple crystals indexed in an image show a slight tendency of the lysozme microcrystals to adhere on $(\overline {1}10)$ facets

A Review of Planar PIV Systems and Image Processing Tools for Lab-On-Chip Microfluidics

Image-based sensor systems are quite popular in micro-scale flow investigations due to their flexibility and scalability. The aim of this manuscript is to provide an overview of current technical possibilities for Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) systems and related image processing tools used in microfluidics applications. In general, the PIV systems and related image processing tools can be used in a myriad of applications, including (but not limited to): Mixing of chemicals, droplet formation, drug delivery, cell counting, cell sorting, cell locomotion, object detection, and object tracking. The intention is to provide some application examples to demonstrate the use of image processing solutions to overcome certain challenges encountered in microfluidics. These solutions are often in the form of image pre- and post-processing techniques, and how to use these will be described briefly in order to extract the relevant information from the raw images. In particular, three main application areas are covered: Micro mixing, droplet formation, and flow around microscopic objects. For each application, a flow field investigation is performed using Micro-Particle Image Velocimetry (µPIV). Both two-component (2C) and three-component (3C) µPIV systems are used to generate the reported results, and a brief description of these systems are included. The results include detailed velocity, concentration and interface measurements for micromixers, phase-separated velocity measurements for the micro-droplet generator, and time-resolved (TR) position, velocity and flow fields around swimming objects. Recommendations on, which technique is more suitable in a given situation are also provided